Introduction -- Method and construction of international law in nineteenth century German scholarship -- Kelsenian formalism as critical methodology in international law -- An "objective" architecture of international law : Kelsen, Kunz, and Verdross -- The new actors of universal law -- Legal sources as universal instruments of law creation -- The international judiciary as the functional center of universal law -- The role of the international legal scholar after Kelsen : a concluding reflection -- Postscript : On Kelsenian formalism in international law (2010) -- Career sketches : Hans Kelsen, Alfred Verdross, and Josef Laurenz Kunz