Based on author's thesis (doctoral - Università degli studi di Trento, 2015) issued under title: Causation in private enforcement of competition law : a comparative analysis of divergent national approaches.

Introduction -- Causation in Competition Law -- Causation rules -- Causation in the European Union competition law and decisions -- Causal uncertainty in damages claims for competition law infringement -- Proof rules of causation -- Proving the uncertain causation -- Causation in indirect and secondary antitrust damages -- Conclusion

"Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions Competition law damages actions are often characterized by the uncertainty of the causal connection between the infringement and the harm. The anticompetitive damage consists in a pure economic loss caused by a market distortion. In such cases, the complexity of the markets structures, combined with the interdependence of individuals' assets, fuel this causal uncertainty. In this work, Claudio Lombardi elucidates the concept of causation in competition law damages actions and outlines its practical implications in competition litigation through the comparative analysis of the relevant statutory and case law, primarily in the European Union. This book should be read by practitioners, scholars, and graduate students with experience in competition law, as well as those interested in analyzing economic torts and causation in general."